His works remain controversial, due to varying interpretations and misinterpretations. "Nietzsches Staatsangehörigkeit als Rechtsfrage. "Quale luogo spaventevole ha saputo fare della terra il cristianesimo, già per il solo fatto di aver collocato ovunque il crocifisso, e per aver in tal modo designato la terra come il luogo in cui «il giusto viene martirizzato a morte»!" Wilhelm, Bismarck, and all anti-Semites abolished. trova il saggio di W. Hannis, Le trac ce di Nietzsche nell’op era di Weber (pp. In 1883, he tried and failed to obtain a lecturing post at the University of Leipzig. [180] This view has acquired the name perspectivism. In 1881, when France occupied Tunisia, he planned to travel to Tunis to view Europe from the outside but later abandoned that idea, probably for health reasons. On 3 January 1889, Nietzsche suffered a mental breakdown. While Nietzsche attacked the principles of Judaism, he was not antisemitic: in his work On the Genealogy of Morality, he explicitly condemned antisemitism and pointed out that his attack on Judaism was not an attack on contemporary Jewish people but specifically an attack upon the ancient Jewish priesthood who he claimed antisemitic Christians paradoxically based their views upon. Nietzsche stood at the beginning of his most productive period. He was named after King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia, who turned 49 on the day of Nietzsche's birth (Nietzsche later dropped his middle name Wilhelm). Nietzsche claimed the death of God would eventually lead to the loss of any universal perspective on things and any coherent sense of objective truth. Amidst renewed bouts of illness, living in near-isolation after a falling out with his mother and sister regarding Salomé, Nietzsche fled to Rapallo, where he wrote the first part of Also Sprach Zarathustra in only ten days. [65] There, he became close friends with his fellow student Erwin Rohde. She had been interested in Nietzsche as a friend, but not as a husband. Declinazioni italiane della «morte di Dio». (...) Nietzsche also used his psychological analyses to support original theories about the nature of the self and provocative proposals suggesting new values that he thought would promote cultural renewal and improve social and psychological life by comparison to life under the traditional values he criticized. [302] Nietzsche had a distinct appeal for many Zionist thinkers around the start of the 20th century, most notable being Ahad Ha'am,[303] Hillel Zeitlin,[304] Micha Josef Berdyczewski, A.D. Gordon[305] and Martin Buber, who went so far as to extoll Nietzsche as a "creator" and "emissary of life". Nell'aforisma 125 della Gaia scienza, l'uomo folle annuncia la morte di Dio #nietzsche #uomofolle #gaiascienza #mortedidio #superuomo #oltreuomo … He read Kant, Plato, Mill, Schopenhauer and Spir,[241] who became the main opponents in his philosophy, and later Baruch Spinoza, whom he saw as his "precursor" in many respects[242] but as a personification of the "ascetic ideal" in others. [102] Two policemen approached him after he caused a public disturbance in the streets of Turin. Nietzsche recognized this and maintained his solitude, though he often complained. 2014. "[191] Just as "there is an order of rank between man and man", there is also an order of rank "between morality and morality. 19; III. [194][195] He called himself an "immoralist" and harshly criticized the prominent moral philosophies of his day: Christianity, Kantianism, and utilitarianism. In responding most enthusiastically to Also Sprach Zarathustra ('Thus Spoke Zarathustra'), Gast did feel it necessary to point out that what were described as "superfluous" people were in fact quite necessary. Hans von Müller debunked the genealogy put forward by Nietzsche's sister in favor of Polish noble heritage. He also began a friendship with Paul Rée who, in 1876, influenced him into dismissing the pessimism in his early writings. Dalla nascita della tragedia all'eterno ritorno dell'uguale, in pochi minuti sarai in grado di apprendere la filosofia di questo autore ostico per certi aspetti. If possible, download the file in its original format. On his 44th birthday, after completing Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist, he decided to write the autobiography Ecce Homo. "Nietzsche's Quarrel With Euripides". On at least one occasion, on 23 February 1880, the usually poor Gast received 200 marks from their mutual friend, Paul Rée. [2] Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. In 1873, Nietzsche began to accumulate notes that would be posthumously published as Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. In Western philosophy, Nietzsche's writings have been described as a case of free revolutionary thought, that is, revolutionary in its structure and problems, although not tied to any revolutionary project. In presenting his theory of human behavior, Nietzsche also addressed and attacked concepts from philosophies then popularly embraced, such as Schopenhauer's notion of an aimless will or that of utilitarianism. Allan Megill argues that, while Köhler's claim that Nietzsche was conflicted about his homosexual desire cannot simply be dismissed, "the evidence is very weak," and Köhler may be projecting twentieth-century understandings of sexuality on nineteenth-century notions of friendship. To his former colleague Burckhardt, Nietzsche wrote:[105]. "I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood. 2002. Nietzsche and Salomé spent the summer together in Tautenburg in Thuringia, often with Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth as a chaperone. [61] In addition, Ludwig Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity influenced young Nietzsche with its argument that people created God, and not the other way around. [108] During this process Overbeck and Gast contemplated what to do with Nietzsche's unpublished works. The Greek spectators, by looking into the abyss of human suffering depicted by characters on stage, passionately and joyously affirmed life, finding it worth living. [85] Gast was one of the very few friends Nietzsche allowed to criticize him. Beginning with Human, All Too Human in 1878, Nietzsche published one book or major section of a book each year until 1888, his last year of writing; that year, he completed five. [306] Chaim Weizmann was a great admirer of Nietzsche; the first president of Israel sent Nietzsche's books to his wife, adding a comment in a letter that "This was the best and finest thing I can send to you. Overbeck traveled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. Humanity still has no goal." 18-26: Journal: Tigor. "[124], Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche compiled The Will to Power from Nietzsche's unpublished notebooks and published it posthumously. Nietzsche is adamant that the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles represent the apex of artistic creation, the true realization of tragedy; it is with Euripides, that tragedy begins its Untergang (literally 'going under' or 'downward-way;' meaning decline, deterioration, downfall, death, etc.). For him, women had to sacrifice themselves to the care and benefit of men. The overman is the meaning of the earth. [337] Aspects of Nietzsche's philosophy, especially his ideas of the self and his relation to society, run through much of late-twentieth and early twenty-first century thought. In its preface—which suggests Nietzsche was well aware of the interpretive difficulties his work would generate—he declares, "Hear me! Filolog, filozof i pesnik. Adorno summed up Nietzsche's philosophy as expressing the "humane in a world in which humanity has become a sham. [253] Nietzsche early learned of Darwinism through Friedrich Albert Lange. A nihilist is a man who judges that the real world ought not to be and that the world as it ought to do not exist. '[213] More often than not, self-conservation is a consequence of a creature's will to exert its strength on the outside world. [88] Nietzsche nonetheless was content to join together with Rée and Salomé touring through Switzerland and Italy together, planning their commune. He spent many summers in Sils Maria near St. Moritz in Switzerland. 2004. "[245] The pre-Socratic thinker Heraclitus was known for rejecting the concept of being as a constant and eternal principle of the universe and embracing "flux" and incessant change. După «Nietzsche-Lexicon» editat de Prof. Cristian Niemeyer (2009), cu participarea a 150 de cercetători specialiști în filozofia lui Nietzsche, sora sa, Elisabeth Forster a măsluit masiv și sistematic opera marelui filosof. [115] Nietzsche had previously written, "All superior men who were irresistibly drawn to throw off the yoke of any kind of morality and to frame new laws had, if they were not actually mad, no alternative but to make themselves or pretend to be mad." [272][273][274] H.L. "[209] According to Nietzsche, it is only when nihilism is overcome that a culture can have a true foundation on which to thrive. "[145][146] The name Nietzsche itself is not a Polish name, but an exceptionally common one throughout central Germany, in this and cognate forms (such as Nitsche and Nitzke). Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche; 15. oktobar 1844 — 25. avgust 1900) radikalni nemački filozof-pesnik, jedan od najvećih modernih mislilaca i jedan od najžešćih kritičara zapadne kulture i hrišćanstva. "A thousand goals have there been so far", says Zarathustra, "for there are a thousand peoples. Frederick Delius produced a piece of choral music, A Mass of Life, based on a text of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, while Richard Strauss (who also based his Also sprach Zarathustra on the same book), was only interested in finishing "another chapter of symphonic autobiography. "[204], The statement "God is dead," occurring in several of Nietzsche's works (notably in The Gay Science), has become one of his best-known remarks. Schimbările introduse de Elisabeth Forster au fost caracterizate în respectivul lexicon drept „scandaloase și criminale” (Cristian Niemeyer). Die Philosophie des Nihilismus". Life turns away from itself as there is nothing of value to be found in the world. I teach you the overman. Modern Europe and Christianity exist in a hypocritical state due to a tension between master and slave morality, both contradictory values determining, to varying degrees, the values of most Europeans (who are "motley"). [173] Carl Jung has written extensively on the dichotomy in Psychological Types. Declinazioni italiane della «morte di Dio» [Corriero, Emilio Carlo] on Amazon.com.au. The name derives from the forename Nikolaus, abbreviated to Nick; assimilated with the Slavic Nitz; it first became Nitsche and then Nietzsche. [73] Though never submitted, it was later published as a gratulationsschrift ('congratulatory publication') in Basel. [114] This 1887 letter to Fritsch ended by: "And finally, how do you think I feel when the name Zarathustra is mouthed by anti-Semites? He concluded that metaphysics has reached its potential and that the ultimate fate and downfall of metaphysics was proclaimed with the statement "God is dead."[210]. [200] He indicated his desire to bring about a new, more naturalistic source of value in the vital impulses of life itself. "Friedrich Nietzsches Heimatlosigkeit. [181][182], Among his critique of traditional philosophy of Kant, Descartes, and Plato in Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche attacked the thing in itself and cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") as unfalsifiable beliefs based on naive acceptance of previous notions and fallacies. He became acquainted with the work of the then almost-unknown poet Friedrich Hölderlin, calling him "my favorite poet" and composing an essay in which he said that the mad poet raised consciousness to "the most sublime ideality". Mencken produced the first book on Nietzsche in English in 1907, The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, and in 1910 a book of translated paragraphs from Nietzsche, increasing knowledge of his philosophy in the United States. In Ecce Homo Nietzsche called the establishment of moral systems based on a dichotomy of good and evil a "calamitous error",[199] and wished to initiate a re-evaluation of the values of the Christian world. Studirao je klasičnu filologiju i kratko vreme radio kao profesor u Bazelu, ali je morao da se povuče zbog bolesti. What happened remains unknown, but an often-repeated tale from shortly after his death states that Nietzsche witnessed the flogging of a horse at the other end of the Piazza Carlo Alberto, ran to the horse, threw his arms around its neck to protect it, then collapsed to the ground. [107], On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. An example of the impact of this idea can be seen in the book Patterns of Culture, where anthropologist Ruth Benedict acknowledges Nietzschean opposites of "Apollonian" and "Dionysian" as the stimulus for her thoughts about Native American cultures. That loss of strength in which suffering as such inflicts on life is still further increased and multiplied by pity. [238] Thus, he broke with his editor in 1886 because of his opposition to his editor's anti-Semitic stances, and his rupture with Richard Wagner, expressed in The Case of Wagner and Nietzsche contra Wagner, both of which he wrote in 1888, had much to do with Wagner's endorsement of pan-Germanism and anti-Semitism—and also of his rallying to Christianity. Man is something that shall be overcome. [168][169] For the audience of such drama, this tragedy allows them to sense what Nietzsche called the Primordial Unity, which revives Dionysian nature. IRIS è la soluzione IT che facilita la raccolta e la gestione dei dati relativi alle attività e ai prodotti della ricerca. Malwida von Meysenbug remained like a motherly patron even outside the Wagner circle. [258][259] Nietzsche called Dostoyevsky "the only psychologist from whom I have anything to learn. [38], A decade after World War II, there was a revival of Nietzsche's philosophical writings thanks to translations and analyses by Walter Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale. ISBN 13: 9788868262754. CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System. Save for later. General commentators and Nietzsche scholars, whether emphasizing his cultural background or his language, overwhelmingly label Nietzsche as a "German philosopher. [iv][217] One study of Nietzsche defines his fully developed concept of the will to power as "the element from which derive both the quantitative difference of related forces and the quality that devolves into each force in this relation" revealing the will to power as "the principle of the synthesis of forces. [244], Nietzsche's philosophy, while innovative and revolutionary, was indebted to many predecessors. (Daybreak, 14) The diagnosis of syphilis has since been challenged and a diagnosis of "manic-depressive illness with periodic psychosis followed by vascular dementia" was put forward by Cybulska prior to Schain's study. Most of them were signed "Dionysus", though some were also signed "der Gekreuzigte" meaning "the crucified one". Academic records from one of the schools attended by Nietzsche noted that he excelled in Christian theology. [338]:195, "Nietzsche" redirects here. He also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. ", Concurring reports in Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche's biography (1904) and a letter by Mathilde Schenk-Nietzsche to, "Letter to Heinrich von Stein, December 1882.". According to Heidegger, it is the burden imposed by the question of eternal recurrence—whether it could possibly be true—that is so significant in modern thought: "The way Nietzsche here patterns the first communication of the thought of the 'greatest burden' [of eternal recurrence] makes it clear that this 'thought of thoughts' is at the same time 'the most burdensome thought. Georges Bataille was also influential in this revival, defending Nietzsche against appropriation by the Nazis with his notable 1937 essay "Nietzsche and Fascists". Converted file can differ from the original. [150] Nigel Rodgers and Mel Thompson have argued that continuous sickness and headaches hindered Nietzsche from engaging much with women. A basic element in Nietzsche's philosophical outlook is the "will to power" (der Wille zur Macht), which he maintained provides a basis for understanding human behavior—more so than competing explanations, such as the ones based on pressure for adaptation or survival. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content. This having to transform into perfection is—art. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMagnus1999 (, Nietzsche, Friedrich. [336] In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, a biography transcribed by his secretary, he cites Nietzsche as a large influence. [268] He also expressed deep appreciation for Stifter's Indian Summer,[269] Byron's Manfred and Twain's Tom Sawyer. [43] Prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of truth in favor of perspectivism; a genealogical critique of religion and Christian morality and related theory of master–slave morality;[36][44][i] the aesthetic affirmation of existence in response to the "death of God" and the profound crisis of nihilism;[36] the notion of Apollonian and Dionysian forces; and a characterization of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power. You can write a book review and share your experiences. Declinazioni italiane della «morte di Dio». [277] Symons went on to compare the ideas of the two thinkers in The Symbolist Movement in Literature, while Yeats tried to raise awareness of Nietzsche in Ireland. "Irgendwie, jedenfalls physiologisch. "Nietzsche and Jung: The whole self in the union of opposites" (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), Magnus and Higgins, "Nietzsche's works and their themes", in, O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Classical Tradition" (, O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian Tradition" (University of North Carolina Press) 1985. Nietzsche would ultimately argue the impossibility of an evolutionary explanation of the human aesthetic sense. Year: 2013. Nietzsche's father died from a brain ailment in 1849; Ludwig Joseph died six months later at age two. "[92] In later recriminations, Nietzsche would blame on separate occasions the failure in his attempts to woo Salomé on Salomé, Rée, and on the intrigues of his sister (who had written letters to the families of Salomé and Rée to disrupt the plans for the commune). Richard Wagner was dismissive of Nietzsche's music, allegedly mocking a birthday gift of a piano composition sent by Nietzsche in 1871 to his wife Cosima. [324] Georg Simmel compares Nietzsche's importance to ethics to that of Copernicus for cosmology. Overbeck was dismissed and Gast finally co-operated. Porter, James I. Mussolini,[318][319] Charles de Gaulle[320] and Huey P. Newton[321] read Nietzsche. ", Forth, C. E. 1993. [271] Many Germans eventually discovered his appeals for greater individualism and personality development in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, but responded to them divergently. He was named after King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia, who turned 49 on the day of Nietzsche's birth (Nietzsche later dropped his middle name Wilhelm). Writer Donald Mitchell noted that Gustav Mahler was "attracted to the poetic fire of Zarathustra, but repelled by the intellectual core of its writings." And man shall be that to overman: a laughing stock or painful embarrassment. Köhler argues that Nietzsche's syphilis, which is "... usually considered to be the product of his encounter with a prostitute in a brothel in Cologne or Leipzig, is equally likely. Indeed, Mazzino Montinari, the editor of Nietzsche's Nachlass, called it a forgery.[125]. Declinazioni italiane della «morte di … of 'The Gay Science', Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard. In 1870, he gave Cosima Wagner the manuscript of "The Genesis of the Tragic Idea" as a birthday gift. Scientific developments and the increasing secularization of Europe had effectively 'killed' the Abrahamic God, who had served as the basis for meaning and value in the West for more than a thousand years. Ezio Di Nucci Barry Hallen Hans Halvorson Jonathan Ichikawa Michelle Kosch Øystein Linnebo JeeLoo Liu Paul Livingston Brandon Look Manolo Martínez Matthew McGrath Michiru Nagatsu Susana Nuccetelli Giuseppe Primiero Jack Alan Reynolds Darrell P. Rowbottom Aleksandra Samonek Constantine Sandis Howard Sankey Jonathan Schaffer Thomas Senor Painter Giovanni Segantini was fascinated by Thus Spoke Zarathustra, and he drew an illustration for the first Italian translation of the book. 105–12 in, Leonard Sax, "What was the cause of Nietzsche's dementia? Nietzsche remarked freely about the isolation he felt within the philological community and attempted unsuccessfully to transfer to a position in philosophy at Basel. "[281][282][283] Nietzsche made an impact on composers during the 1890s. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche2001 (, Wahrig-Schmidt, B. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ˈniːtʃə, ˈniːtʃi/;[32]German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] (listen) or [ˈniːtsʃə];[33][34] 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, writer, and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history. Utilitarians claim that what moves people is the desire to be happy and accumulate pleasure in their lives. To comprehend eternal recurrence, and to not only come to peace with it but to embrace it, requires amor fati, "love of fate". They intended to set up their commune in an abandoned monastery, but no suitable location was found. I believe it is one of the greatest crises, a moment of the deepest self-reflection of humanity. Nietzsche first proposed the idea of eternal return in a parable in Section 341 of The Gay Science, and also in the chapter "Of the Vision and the Riddle" in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, among other places. [90] Arriving in Leipzig, (Germany) in October, Salomé and Rée separated from Nietzsche after a falling-out between Nietzsche and Salomé, in which Salomé believed that Nietzsche was desperately in love with her. The Russian painter Lena Hades created the oil painting cycle Also Sprach Zarathustra dedicated to the book Thus Spoke Zarathustra. "[77] Nietzsche scholar Joachim Köhler [de] has attempted to explain Nietzsche's life history and philosophy by claiming that he was homosexual. In March 1890, Franziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic and, in May 1890, brought him to her home in Naumburg. [35][36][37][38][39] He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. Richard Nixon read Nietzsche with "curious interest", and his book Beyond Peace might have taken its title from Nietzsche's book Beyond Good and Evil which Nixon read beforehand. "[81] Nietzsche enjoyed the attention he gave to the beginning of the Bayreuth Festival. To the end of his life, Gast and Overbeck remained consistently faithful friends. Year: 2014. [139] Oehler claims that Nietzsche came from a long line of German Lutheran clergymen on both sides of his family, and modern scholars regard the claim of Nietzsche's Polish ancestry as "pure invention. [190] On the other hand, Nietzsche called master morality "a higher order of values, the noble ones, those that say Yes to life, those that guarantee the future. OAI identifier: oai:ricerca.sns.it:11384/3632 Provided by: Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - … Exceptional people, on the other hand, should follow their own "inner law". Aristocratic values of good and bad coincided with and reflected their relationship to lower castes such as slaves. Yet they offer other examples in which Nietzsche expressed his affections to women, including Wagner's wife Cosima Wagner. In this way, tragedy is born from music. The idea that one value-system is no more worthy than the next, although it may not be directly ascribed to Nietzsche, has become a common premise in modern social science. Yeats and Arthur Symons described Nietzsche as the intellectual heir to William Blake. 1908. Krell, David Farrell, and Donald L. Bates. While at Basel, Nietzsche lectured on pre-Platonic philosophers for several years, and the text of this lecture series has been characterized as a "lost link" in the development of his thought. He pointed out that what is common among different peoples is the act of esteeming, of creating values, even if the values are different from one person to the next. He believed the press and mass culture led to conformity, brought about mediocrity, and the lack of intellectual progress was leading to the decline of the human species. [166] Both of these principles are meant to represent cognitive states that appear through art as the power of nature in man.[167]. [261][262][263][264][265][266][267], In 1861 Nietzsche wrote an enthusiastic essay on his "favorite poet," Friedrich Hölderlin, mostly forgotten at that time. [215], Related to his theory of the will to power is his speculation, which he did not deem final,[216] regarding the reality of the physical world, including inorganic matter—that, like man's affections and impulses, the material world is also set by the dynamics of a form of the will to power. [123] Elisabeth had him buried beside his father at the church in Röcken Lützen. Whether man recovers from it, whether he becomes a master of this crisis, is a question of his strength! After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900, he had another stroke during the night of 24–25 August and died at about noon on 25 August. Salomé reports that he asked her to marry him on three separate occasions and that she refused, though the reliability of her reports of events is questionable. On 13 May, in Lucerne, when Nietzsche was alone with Salomé, he earnestly proposed marriage to her again, which she rejected. [334] Paul Ricœur called Nietzsche one of the masters of the "school of suspicion", alongside Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. Nietzsche objects to Euripides' use of Socratic rationalism and morality in his tragedies, claiming that the infusion of ethics and reason robs tragedy of its foundation, namely the fragile balance of the Dionysian and Apollonian.

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